De Emendatione Temporum · Joseph Scaliger (1583)
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Português

que os constantinopolitanos aprenderam [essa festa] recentemente. Tudo isso mostra ser recente e novidadeira a religião daquele dia. Entre os romanos, de onde provém a origem deste culto, não encontro autor mais antigo que Ambrósio, que consagrou o dia 25 de dezembro ao natalício do Senhor, à exceção daquele Clemente, no Cânone XIII do livro V: [τὴν γενέθλιον, ἥτις ὑμῖν ἐπιτελείσθω εἰκάδι πέμπτῃ τοῦ ἐνάτου μηνός] "o natalício, que deve ser celebrado por vós no vigésimo quinto dia do nono mês". Menciona o fato como se fosse instituição dos Apóstolos, a qual começou a estar em uso pouco antes do tempo de Crisóstomo. Tudo, portanto, depende do sumo pontificado de Zacarias, que era da plebe dos sacerdotes, e da oblação do incenso, que se fazia segundo o uso cotidiano do incenso no altar, não no santo dos santos. Portanto, para que 27 de setembro seja 10 de Tisri, isso não poderia ocorrer senão no oitavo ano do quinto período alexandrino. Tisri [começa em] 18 de setembro, feria sétima; o décimo dia, pois, cai em 27, como estava proposto. Era o primeiro ciclo da Lua. Por isso o [εὐαγγελισμὸς] "anunciação" de Maria, em 25 de março, ocorreu no segundo ciclo da Lua, no ano completo após a morte de Herodes; o Natal do Senhor, porém, em 25 de dezembro. Dois anos, portanto, devem ser acrescentados aos anos de Cristo conforme o método do ciclo lunar; e se hoje julgamos que são 1596 anos desde Cristo conforme o ciclo dionisíaco, dever-se-iam considerar apenas 1595. Este erro é ainda mais favorecido pelo mesmo Crisóstomo no Sermão sobre o natalício de João Batista, no qual se diz que João nasceu no mês de junho, no oitavo dia antes das Calendas de Julho, na décima quinta Lua. Não discorda de si mesmo. Pois, se em 27 de setembro a Lua era a décima, segue-se absolutamente que em 24 de junho seguinte a Lua era a décima quinta: e portanto o ciclo da Lua era o segundo. Assim, Cristo nasceu no segundo ciclo, no dezembro seguinte. Não creio haja ninguém de tamanha pertinácia que queira defender tal absurdo. E, contudo, [afirmar que] Cristo nasceu em 25 de dezembro depende desta consideração e do sumo pontificado de Zacarias, e de que 10 de Tisri coincida com 27 de setembro. A mesma coisa é proposta por Anastásio, patriarca de Antioquia, no Sermão [εἰς τὸν εὐαγγελισμὸν τῆς παναχράντου καὶ Θεοτόκου Μαρίας] "sobre a anunciação da puríssima e Mãe de Deus Maria". Esse sermão existe manuscrito na biblioteca do doutíssimo Bonaventura Vulcanius, nosso [amigo]. As palavras que aqui importam são estas; as quais produzi porque ele não concorda quanto ao mês com Crisóstomo, Máximo Monge e outros: [ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὁ κατὰ νόμον ἱερεὺς εἰσέρχεται εἰς τὰ ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων, ἱλασκόμενος ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαοῦ. ὅθεν καὶ ἱλασμός, ἤτοι ἡμέρα ἱλασμοῦ καὶ ἡμέρα ταπεινώσεως, καὶ νηστεία μεγάλη κέκληται παρ' αὐτοῖς ἡ τοιαύτη ἑορτή. ἐπιτελεῖται δ' αὐτὴ τῇ δεκάτῃ τοῦ ἑβδόμου μηνός, ὅς ἐστιν Ὀκτώβριος ΘΕΡΣΙ παρ' Ἑβραίοις λεγόμενος. Ἀπὸ γὰρ τοῦ Ἀπριλίου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἄγουσι τοῦ ἔτους Ἑβραῖοι. τῇ οὖν δεκάτῃ κατὰ σελήνην τοῦ ἑβδόμου μηνὸς ἱερατεύων ὁ Ζαχαρίας τὴν ἀγγελικὴν ὀπτασίαν ἐθεάσατο, καὶ εὐηγγελίσθη τὴν τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ γέννησιν. μεθ' ἣν πληρώσας τὴν ἐφημερίαν αὑτοῦ ἀπεχώρησεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὑτοῦ. πληρωθῇ δὲ πλησιφαοῦς τῆς σελήνης γεγενημένης ἐν τῇ λεγομένῃ πανσελήνῳ] "uma só vez ao ano, o sacerdote segundo a lei entra no Santo dos Santos, fazendo propiciação pelo povo. Donde também [se chama] propiciação, ou seja, dia de propiciação e dia de humilhação, e grande jejum é denominada entre eles tal festa. Ela se celebra no décimo dia do sétimo mês, que é outubro, chamado ΘΕΡΣΙ[?] entre os hebreus. Pois a partir de abril os hebreus iniciam o começo do ano. No décimo dia, pois, segundo a Lua, do sétimo mês, oficiando Zacarias, contemplou a visão angélica e recebeu o anúncio do nascimento do Batista. Depois dela, cumprindo seu turno sacerdotal, retirou-se para sua casa. Cumpriu-se, porém, quando a Lua já se havia tornado plenilúnia, na chamada Lua cheia, então..." (continua).

English

that the Constantinopolitans have only recently learned [this feast]. All these things show that the observance of that day is recent and novel. Among the Romans, from whom the origin of this cult comes, I find no author earlier than Ambrose, who consecrated December 25 to the Nativity of the Lord, except for that Clement, in Canon XIII of book V: [τὴν γενέθλιον, ἥτις ὑμῖν ἐπιτελείσθω εἰκάδι πέμπτῃ τοῦ ἐνάτου μηνός] "the Nativity, which is to be celebrated by you on the twenty-fifth day of the ninth month." He mentions the matter as though instituted by the Apostles, which came into use only shortly before the time of Chrysostom. All, therefore, depends on the high priesthood of Zacharias, who was of the common people of the priests, and on the offering of incense, which was made according to the daily use of incense upon the altar, not in the Holy of Holies. Therefore, in order that September 27 be the 10th of Tisri, this could not have happened except in the eighth year of the fifth Alexandrian period. Tisri [began on] September 18, the seventh day of the week; the tenth day therefore falls on the 27th, as was proposed. It was the first cycle of the Moon. Hence the [εὐαγγελισμὸς] "Annunciation" of Mary on March 25 occurred in the second lunar cycle, in the year completed after the death of Herod; whereas the Nativity of the Lord [was] on December 25. Two years, therefore, must be added to the years of Christ according to the method of the lunar cycle; and if today we reckon 1596 years from Christ according to the Dionysian cycle, only 1595 should be counted. This error is further supported by the same Chrysostom in the Sermon on the Nativity of John the Baptist, in which it is said that John was born in the month of June, on the eighth day before the Kalends of July, on the fifteenth Moon. He does not contradict himself. For if on September 27 the Moon was the tenth, it follows absolutely that on the following June 24 the Moon was the fifteenth: and thus the lunar cycle was the second. Accordingly, Christ was born in the second cycle, in the following December. I think no one is of such stubbornness as to wish to defend the absurdity. And yet [the claim] that Christ was born on December 25 depends upon this consideration and upon the high priesthood of Zacharias, and upon the 10th of Tisri coinciding with September 27. The same thing is proposed by Anastasius, Patriarch of Antioch, in his Sermon [εἰς τὸν εὐαγγελισμὸν τῆς παναχράντου καὶ Θεοτόκου Μαρίας] "On the Annunciation of the most pure Mother of God, Mary." This sermon exists in manuscript in the library of our most learned Bonaventura Vulcanius. The words that bear on this matter are these, which I have cited because he does not agree as to the month with Chrysostom, Maximus the Monk, and others: [ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὁ κατὰ νόμον ἱερεὺς εἰσέρχεται εἰς τὰ ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων, ἱλασκόμενος ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαοῦ...] "Once a year the priest according to the law enters into the Holy of Holies, making propitiation on behalf of the people. Whence [it is called] propitiation, that is, a day of propitiation and a day of humiliation, and such a feast is called among them the Great Fast. It is celebrated on the tenth day of the seventh month, which is October, called ΘΕΡΣΙ[?] among the Hebrews. For the Hebrews begin the start of the year from April. On the tenth day, then, according to the Moon, of the seventh month, while Zacharias was performing priestly service, he beheld the angelic vision and received the good news of the Baptist's birth. After which, having completed his priestly course, he departed to his own house. It was fulfilled when the Moon had become full-shining, in the so-called full moon, then..." (continues).

Latim (transcrito)

Constantinopolitanos nuper didicisse. Haec omnia ostendunt nuperam & nouitiam religionem illius diei. Inter Romanos, vnde origo huius cultus, non reperio antiquiorem Ambrosio, qui XXV Decembris natali Domini dicarit, praeter illum Clementem, Canone XIII lib. V. τὴν γενέθλιον, ἥτις ὑμῖν ἐπιτελείσθω εἰκάδι πέμπτῃ τοῦ ἐνάτου μηνός. Meminit rei tanquam ab Apostolis institutae, quae paulo ante tempora Chrysostomi caepit esse in vsu. Omnia igitur pendent a Pontificatu maximo Zachariae, qui erat de plebe sacerdotum, & ab incensi oblatione, quae facta est ex vsu quotidiano in altari incensi, non in sanctis sanctorum. Ergo, vt XXVII Septembris sit decima Tisri, hoc non potuit contingere, nisi anno octauo quintae periodi Alexandreae. Tisri XVIII Septembris, feria septima. decima igitur incurrit in XXVII, vt erat propositum. Erat cyclus Lunae primus. Quare εὐαγγελισμὸς Mariae in XXV Martij contigit cyclo Lunae secundo, anno absoluto post mortem Herodis, Natalis autem Domini XXV Decembris. duo igitur addenda annis Christi ad methodum cycli Lunaris: & cum hodie putemus annos a Christo 1596 secundum cyclum Dionysianum, 1595 tantum putandi essent. Hunc errorem magis fouet idem Chrysostomus Sermone in natalem Ioannis Baptistae, in quo dicitur, Ioannem natum fuisse mense Iunio, octauo Kalendarum Iuliarum die, Luna quintadecima. Non dissentit a se. Nam si XXVII Septembris Luna fuit decima, sequitur omnino vt XXIV Iunij sequentis fuerit Luna XV: ideoque erat Lunae cyclus secundus. Proinde Christus natus est cyclo secundo, in sequente Decembri. Neminem tantae peruicaciae puto, qui absurditatem tueri velit. Et tamen Christum natum XXV Decemb. pendet ex hac consideratione & pontificatus maximi Zachariae, & decimae Tisri XXVII Sept. conuenientis. Idem proponitur ab Anastasio Patriarcha Antiocheno in Sermone εἰς τὸν εὐαγγελισμὸν τῆς παναχράντου καὶ Θεοτόκου Μαρίας. Is sermo manuscriptus extat in Bibliotheca doctissimi Bonauenturae Vulcanij nostri. Verba, quae huc faciunt, haec sunt; quae produxi, quia non conuenit illi de mense cum Chrysostomo, Maximo Monacho, & aliis: ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὁ κατὰ νόμον ἱερεὺς εἰσέρχεται εἰς τὰ ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων, ἱλασκόμενος ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαοῦ. ὅθεν καὶ ἱλασμός, ἤτοι ἡμέρα ἱλασμοῦ καὶ ἡμέρα ταπεινώσεως, καὶ νηστεία μεγάλη κέκληται παρ' αὐτοῖς ἡ τοιαύτη ἑορτή. ἐπιτελεῖται δ' αὐτὴ τῇ δεκάτῃ τοῦ ἑβδόμου μηνός, ὅς ἐστιν Ὀκτώβριος ΘΕΡΣΙ[?] παρ' Ἑβραίοις λεγόμενος. Ἀπὸ γὰρ τοῦ Ἀπριλίου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἄγουσι τοῦ ἔτους Ἑβραῖοι. τῇ οὖν δεκάτῃ κατὰ σελήνην τοῦ ἑβδόμου μηνὸς ἱερατεύων ὁ Ζαχαρίας τὴν ἀγγελικὴν ὀπτασίαν ἐθεάσατο, καὶ εὐηγγελίσθη τὴν τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ γέννησιν. μεθ' ἣν πληρώσας τὴν ἐφημερίαν αὑτοῦ ἀπεχώρησεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὑτοῦ. πληρωθῇ δὲ πλησιφαοῦς τῆς σελήνης γεγενημένης ἐν τῇ λεγομένῃ πανσελήνῳ, τό-τε συνέ-

Eventos astronômicos detectados

other: Tisri XVIII Septembris, feria septima. decima igitur incurrit in XXVII — the 1st of Tisri on Sept. 18, feria 7; 10th of Tisri on Sept. 27; first lunar cycle. · data: anno octauo quintae periodi Alexandreae; 27 Septembris = 10 Tisri · fonte: Scaliger's own computation
other: εὐαγγελισμὸς Mariae in XXV Martij contigit cyclo Lunae secundo — Annunciation on March 25, second lunar cycle, year after Herod's death. · data: 25 March, second lunar cycle · fonte: Anastasius of Antioch; Scaliger
other: Ioannem natum fuisse mense Iunio, octauo Kalendarum Iuliarum die, Luna quintadecima — John the Baptist born June 24, on the 15th Moon. · data: 24 June (VIII Kal. Iul.), Luna XV · fonte: John Chrysostom, Sermon on the Nativity of John the Baptist
other: πλησιφαοῦς τῆς σελήνης γεγενημένης ἐν τῇ λεγομένῃ πανσελήνῳ — full moon (panselenos) at the time of Zacharias's vision · data: 10th day of the seventh month by the Moon · fonte: Anastasius of Antioch, Sermon on the Annunciation
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Notas do tradutor: Page deals with Scaliger's chronological argument against the traditional December 25 date for the Nativity, based on the identification of 10 Tisri with September 27 and the priestly service of Zacharias (Luke 1). Contains extensive Greek citations from Pseudo-Clement (Apostolic Constitutions/Canons) and Anastasius of Antioch's Sermon on the Annunciation, the latter from a manuscript owned by Bonaventura Vulcanius. Page number in header reads 544 but user specifies 627 — likely a numbering discrepancy between printed folio and PDF page.

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