Português
[antes que fosse criado]. Plutarco, na Vida de Pelópidas: [καὶ τοῖς χειμῶνος ἡσθω αἱ περὶ τροπὰς ἀκμαί· μηνὸς δὲ τοῦ τελευταίου φθίνοντος ὀλίγαι περιῆσαν ἡμέραι, καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔδει ἀναλαμβάνειν ἑτέροις εὐθὺς ἱσταμένου τοῦ πρώτου μηνός, ἢ θνήσκειν τοὺς μὴ παραδιδόντας] "e estavam próximos os rigores invernais em torno do solstício; poucos dias restavam do último minguante do mês, e era preciso que outros assumissem o cargo logo no início do primeiro mês, ou que morressem os que não o entregassem". Por isso, como eu disse, ali estavam [αἱ ὑπερβάλλουσαι ἡμέραι] "os dias excedentes", como em Atenas no final do Posideon. Pois por que em outro lugar, se o mês seguinte é o início do ano? O primeiro mês chamava-se Βουκάτιος (Boucátios), correspondente ao Gamelion ático. Plutarco no mesmo lugar: [τοῦ νόμου κελεύοντος ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ μηνὶ παραδοῦναι τὴν Βοιωταρχίαν ἑτέροις, ὃν Βουκάτιον ὀνομάζουσι] "determinando a lei que no primeiro mês se transferisse a Beotarquia a outros, mês que chamam Boucátios". Plutarco julga que este seja o mesmo que Hesíodo chama Ληναιών (Lenaion). Hesíquio: [Ληναιών. Οὐδένα μὲν τῶν μηνῶν Βοιωτοὶ οὕτω καλοῦσιν· εἰκάζει δὲ Πλούταρχος Βουκάτιον. καὶ γὰρ ψυχρός ἐστι] "Lenaion. Os beócios não chamam assim nenhum de seus meses; Plutarco conjectura que seja o Boucátios, pois é frio", etc. O segundo mês era Ἑρμαῖος (Hermaios). Segue em Hesíquio: [ἔνιοι δὲ τὸν Ἑρμαῖον, ὅς μετὰ τὸν Βουκάτιόν ἐστι. Καὶ γὰρ Ἀθηναῖοι τὴν τῶν Ληναίων ἑορτὴν ἐν αὐταῖς ἄγουσι] "alguns porém o Hermaios, que vem após o Boucátios. Pois também os atenienses celebram nesses dias a festa das Leneias". O sétimo mês é Ἱπποδρόμιος (Hippodromios), se damos crédito a Plutarco, homem beócio: ele afirma que a batalha de Leuctra ocorreu, para os beócios, no mês Hippodromios, para os atenienses no quinto dia do início do Hekatombaion. O nono é Πάνεμος (Panemos), correspondente ao Boedromion. O décimo, Δαμάτριος (Damatrios), o mesmo que Pyanepsion. O undécimo, Ἀλαλκομένιος (Alalkomenios), o mesmo que Maimakterion. Os demais meses ainda não encontrei. É difícil, porém, investigar o início e a posição deste período, pela escassez de exemplos. Plutarco, na Vida de Aristides, sobre a batalha de Plateias: [ταύτην τὴν μάχην ἐμαχέσαντο τῇ τετράδι τοῦ Βοηδρομιῶνος ἱσταμένου κατὰ Ἀθηναίους, κατὰ δὲ Βοιωτοὺς τετράδι τοῦ Πανέμου φθίνοντος] "travaram esta batalha no quarto dia do Boedromion minguante, segundo os beócios". Era o segundo ano da 75ª Olimpíada, e portanto o 298º ifiteu, o 32º do período ático: cujo Boedromion XVII cai em 17 de setembro, evidentemente [ἐξαιρέσιμος] "dia suprimido". E por isso o quarto dia político do Boedromion era o terceiro verdadeiro: o que o próprio Plutarco, como intérprete, nos ensina na Vida de Camilo: [Πέρσαι μηνὸς Βοηδρομιῶνος ἕκτῃ μὲν Μαραθῶνι, τρίτῃ δ' ἐν Πλαταιαῖς ἅμα καὶ περὶ Μυκάλην ἡττήθησαν] "os persas, no mês Boedromion, foram derrotados no sexto dia em Maratona, no terceiro em Plateias, simultaneamente com Mícale". Aqui chama [τρίτην] "terceiro" o que em Aristides chama [τετράδα] "quarto", sem dúvida por causa da [ἐξαίρεσις] "supressão". O Boedromion daquele ano cai em 17 de setembro, e por isso [ἡ τετράς] "o quarto", considerada a [ἐξαίρεσις] "supressão", isto é, [ἡ τρίτη] "o terceiro", cai em 19 de setembro. Portanto, visto que 19 de setembro foi o 27 de Panemos tebano, a neomenia de Panemos coincide com o vigésimo quarto de agosto. E, por conseguinte, 25 de julho terá sido a neomenia do primeiro mês estival, que Plutarco diz ser chamado Hippodromion pelos tebanos. Mas apenas duas vezes o início do mês estival, no período olímpico, cai em 25 de julho, isto é, no ano trigésimo nono e no sexagésimo quarto. Portanto, aos anos do período ático devem ser acrescentados 32, para que se tenham os anos do período tebano; ou dos anos olímpicos devem ser subtraídos 6 anos. E assim terá sido falso que Panemos seja o verdadeiro Boedromion, mas sim o intermediário entre Metagitnion e Boedromion. Novamente o mesmo Plutarco, sobre a batalha de Leuctra, que se conjectura ter ocorrido no tempo se-
English
[before it was created]. Plutarch, in the Life of Pelopidas: [καὶ τοῖς χειμῶνος ἡσθω αἱ περὶ τροπὰς ἀκμαί· μηνὸς δὲ τοῦ τελευταίου φθίνοντος ὀλίγαι περιῆσαν ἡμέραι, καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔδει ἀναλαμβάνειν ἑτέροις εὐθὺς ἱσταμένου τοῦ πρώτου μηνός, ἢ θνήσκειν τοὺς μὴ παραδιδόντας] "and the harshest parts of winter near the solstice were at hand; few days remained of the last waning of the month, and others had to take up the office immediately at the start of the first month, or those failing to hand it over had to die." Therefore, as I said, there were [αἱ ὑπερβάλλουσαι ἡμέραι] "the excess days" there, as at Athens at the end of Posideon. For why elsewhere, if the following month is the beginning of the year? The first month was called Βουκάτιος (Boukatios), corresponding to the Attic Gamelion. Plutarch in the same passage: [τοῦ νόμου κελεύοντος ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ μηνὶ παραδοῦναι τὴν Βοιωταρχίαν ἑτέροις, ὃν Βουκάτιον ὀνομάζουσι] "the law ordering that in the first month the Boeotarchy be handed over to others, which month they call Boukatios." Plutarch considers this to be the same as the one Hesiod calls Ληναιών (Lenaion). Hesychius: [Ληναιών. Οὐδένα μὲν τῶν μηνῶν Βοιωτοὶ οὕτω καλοῦσιν· εἰκάζει δὲ Πλούταρχος Βουκάτιον. καὶ γὰρ ψυχρός ἐστι] "Lenaion. The Boeotians call none of their months thus; but Plutarch conjectures that it is Boukatios, for it is cold," etc. The second month was Ἑρμαῖος (Hermaios). It follows in Hesychius: [ἔνιοι δὲ τὸν Ἑρμαῖον, ὅς μετὰ τὸν Βουκάτιόν ἐστι. Καὶ γὰρ Ἀθηναῖοι τὴν τῶν Ληναίων ἑορτὴν ἐν αὐταῖς ἄγουσι] "but some Hermaios, which comes after Boukatios. For the Athenians also celebrate the festival of the Lenaia in those days." The seventh month is Ἱπποδρόμιος (Hippodromios), if we believe Plutarch, a Boeotian man: he states that the Battle of Leuctra occurred for the Boeotians in the month Hippodromios, for the Athenians on the fifth day of the rising Hekatombaion. The ninth is Πάνεμος (Panemos), corresponding to Boedromion. The tenth, Δαμάτριος (Damatrios), the same as Pyanepsion. The eleventh, Ἀλαλκομένιος (Alalkomenios), the same as Maimakterion. The remaining months I have not yet found. The beginning and situation of this period are difficult to investigate, due to the scarcity of examples. Plutarch, in the Life of Aristides, on the Battle of Plataea: [ταύτην τὴν μάχην ἐμαχέσαντο τῇ τετράδι τοῦ Βοηδρομιῶνος ἱσταμένου κατὰ Ἀθηναίους, κατὰ δὲ Βοιωτοὺς τετράδι τοῦ Πανέμου φθίνοντος] "they fought this battle on the fourth of the rising Boedromion according to the Athenians, but according to the Boeotians on the fourth of the waning Panemos." It was the second year of the 75th Olympiad, and hence the 298th Iphitean year, the 32nd of the Attic period: whose Boedromion XVII falls on September 17, evidently [ἐξαιρέσιμος] "a suppressed day." And for this reason the fourth political day of Boedromion was the true third: which Plutarch himself, as an interpreter, teaches us in the Life of Camillus: [Πέρσαι μηνὸς Βοηδρομιῶνος ἕκτῃ μὲν Μαραθῶνι, τρίτῃ δ' ἐν Πλαταιαῖς ἅμα καὶ περὶ Μυκάλην ἡττήθησαν] "the Persians, in the month Boedromion, were defeated on the sixth at Marathon, on the third at Plataea together with near Mycale." Here he calls [τρίτην] "third" what in the Aristides he calls [τετράδα] "fourth," no doubt on account of the [ἐξαίρεσις] "suppression." The Boedromion of that year falls on September 17, and therefore [ἡ τετράς] "the fourth," taking account of the [ἐξαίρεσις] "suppression," that is, [ἡ τρίτη] "the third," falls on September 19. Therefore, since September 19 was the 27th of the Theban Panemos, the new moon of Panemos coincides with August 24. And consequently, July 25 will have been the new moon of the first summer month, which Plutarch says is called Hippodromion by the Thebans. But only twice does the beginning of the summer month, in the Olympic period, fall on July 25, namely in the 39th and 64th years. Therefore, 32 must be added to the years of the Attic period, so that you may have the years of the Theban period; or 6 years must be subtracted from the Olympic years. And thus it will have been false that Panemos is truly Boedromion, but rather the month midway between Metageitnion and Boedromion. Again the same Plutarch, on the Battle of Leuctra, which is conjectured to have occurred in the time se-
Latim (transcrito)
A crearetur. Plutarchus Pelopida: καὶ τοῖς χειμῶνος ἡσθω αἱ περὶ τροπὰς ἀκμαὶ· μηνὸς δὲ τοῦ τελευταίου φθίνοντος ὀλίγαι περιῆσαν ἡμέραι, καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔδει ἀναλαμβάνειν ἑτέροις εὐθὺς ἱσταμένου τοῦ πρώτου μηνός, ἢ θνήσκειν τοὺς μὴ παραδιδόντας. Quare, ut dixi, ibi erant αἱ ὑπερβάλλουσαι ἡμέραι, ut Athenis fine Posideonis. Cur enim alibi, si mensis sequens est initium anni? Primus mensis dicebatur Βουκάτιος, respondens Gamelioni Attico. Plutarchus ibidem: τοῦ νόμου κελεύοντος ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ μηνὶ παραδοῦναι τὴν Βοιωταρχίαν ἑτέροις, ὃν Βουκάτιον ὀνομάζουσι. Hunc autem eundem, quem Hesiodus Ληναιῶνα vocat, esse putat Plutarchus. Hesychius, Ληναιών. Οὐδένα μὲν τῶν μηνῶν Βοιωτοὶ οὕτω καλοῦσιν; εἰκάζει δὲ Πλούταρχος Βουκάτιον. καὶ γὰρ ψυχρός ἐστι, &c. Secundus mensis erat Ἑρμαῖος. Sequitur apud Hesychium: ἔνιοι δὲ τὸν Ἑρμαῖον, ὅς μετὰ τὸν Βουκάτιόν ἐστι. Καὶ γὰρ Ἀθηναῖοι τὴν τῶν Ληναίων ἑορτὴν ἐν αὐταῖς ἄγουσι. Septimus mensis Ἱπποδρόμιος, si Plutarcho homini Bœotio credimus: qui ait pugnam Leuctricam contigisse, Bœotiis Ἱπποδρομίου μηνός, Atheniensibus Ἑκατομβαιῶνος ἱσταμένου τῇ πέμπτῃ. Nonus Πάνεμος respondens Boedromioni. Decimus Δαμάτριος idem cum Pyanepsione. Undecimus Ἀλαλκομένιος idem cum Mæmacterione. Reliquos menses nondum reperi. Caput autem & situm huius periodi difficile est investigare, propter penuriam exemplorum. Plutarchus in Aristide de pugna Plataeensi: ταύτην τὴν μάχην ἐμαχέσαντο τῇ τετράδι τοῦ Βοηδρομιῶνος ἱσταμένου κατὰ Ἀθηναίους, κατὰ δὲ Βοιωτοὺς τετράδι τοῦ Πανέμου φθίνοντος. Erat annus secundus Olympiadis LXXV, & proinde 298 Iphiteus, periodi Atticæ 32: cuius Boedromion XVII Septembris, utique ἐξαιρέσιμος. ac propterea quarta Boedromionis politica erat vera tertia: quod & ipse Plutarchus, tanquam interpres nos docet in Camillo: Πέρσαι μηνὸς Βοηδρομιῶνος ἕκτῃ μὲν Μαραθῶνι, τρίτῃ δ' ἐν Πλαταιαῖς ἅμα καὶ περὶ Μυκάλην ἡττήθησαν. Hic τρίτην vocat, quam in Aristide τετράδα, nimirum propter ἐξαίρεσιν. Boedromion illius anni XVII Septembris, & propterea ἡ τετράς, habita ratione τῆς ἐξαιρέσεως, hoc est, ἡ τρίτη, XIX Septembris. Ergo, cum XIX Septembris fuerit XXVII Panemi Thebani, Neomenia Panemi congruit vicesimæ quartæ Augusti. & proinde XXV Iulij fuerit neomenia mensis primi æstivi, quem Plutarchus dicit Hippodromion a Thebanis nominari. Sed bis tantum mensis æstivi caput in periodo Olympica incidit in XXV Iulij, nempe anno trigesimo nono, & sexagesimo quarto. Annis igitur periodi Atticæ addenda sunt 32, ut habeas annos periodi Thebanæ: aut de annis Olympiacis deducendi sunt anni 6. & sic falsum fuerit, Panemum verum esse Boedromionem, sed medium inter Metagitnionem & Boedromionem. Rursus idem Plutarchus de pugna Leuctrica, quæ coniicitur in tempus se-
Eventos astronômicos detectados
- A palavra inicial 'ἡσθω' no fragmento grego de Plutarco é leitura incerta do scan; pode corresponder a forma verbal corrompida no original impresso (esperar-se-ia algo como 'ἤδη' no texto moderno de Plutarco).
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